Blood Pressure Development from Infancy to Adolescence

At birth, newborns have an average systolic pressure of about 70 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of around 50 mmHg, which is relatively low due to the small size of their heart and the low resistance in their blood vessels. As the baby grows, the heart and vascular system mature, leading to a gradual increase in blood pressure. By the end of the first year, the systolic pressure typically reaches around 94 mmHg, while the diastolic pressure rises to roughly 52 mmHg. This increase is crucial to meet the growing metabolic needs and physical activity of the child.

For the next few years, blood pressure remains fairly constant. However, as children grow into adolescence, both systolic and diastolic pressures steadily increase, with systolic pressure rising by about 1-2 mmHg per year. As a result, pulse pressure—the difference between systolic and diastolic readings—gradually widens, reflecting the heart's enhanced efficiency and the vascular system's adaptation to the body's development.

Throughout childhood, blood pressure in boys and girls is similar, but differences emerge during adolescence. Girls generally experience a slower rise in blood pressure compared to boys. By age 18, boys tend to have a systolic pressure about 10 mmHg higher and a diastolic pressure approximately 5 mmHg higher than girls. These variations are influenced by factors such as hormonal changes, body composition, and activity levels. Understanding these trends helps pediatric healthcare professionals monitor and manage blood pressure to ensure healthy cardiovascular growth from infancy to adulthood.
Blood Pressure Development from Infancy to Adolescence